University of Calgary researchers say good old-fashioned calorie counting is the way to go when it comes to maintaining youthful muscles as we grow old.

In a study using rats the team found that elderly rats on a calorie-restricted diet had the muscle mass and function of much younger rats.

Russ Hepple, a physiologist at the University of Calgary's Kinesiology department, says the old rats had the muscles of a 20-year-old rat.

The rats were specially bred at the U.S. -based National Institute of Aging and from a very young age were fed a diet rich in nutrition but which was 40 per cent lighter in calories than normal.

Rats fed a normal diet lost 50 per cent of their muscle mass and 50 per cent of their muscle function at old age.

This study is the second by Hepple and his team which is examining the effects of calorie restricted diets.

The study found that elderly rodents on the strict diet experienced only a 20 per cent drop in muscle mass and no loss of muscle function.

The researchers say it has been known for some time that a calorie restricted diet extends life span by as much as 35 per cent, but they have now found that it also maintains muscle function.

Apparently the diet appears to help the aging rats rebuild and replace muscle and Hepple says it is unclear why.

He suggests restricted-calorie diets preserve the function of mitochondria which provide the body's cells with energy as the animals grow old.

Despite evidence that reducing calories had a profound impact on rat muscles, Hepple is not suggesting that people follow suit and cut their food intake by 40 per cent.

His advice is instead that humans eat a healthy diet, refrain from overindulging and remain active to maintain their muscles.

A similar diet for humans would be drastic and possibly destructive to muscle, especially if the calories came from protein.

Hepple and his research team now plan to carry out further studies with antioxidants, exercise and gene therapy to see if factors other than fewer calories can lead to younger muscles in old age.

The study is published in the Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences.

The researchers found that of the 2,335 participants who participated in the five-year follow-up, 158 had developed early AMD and 26 late-stage AMD.

After other risk factors were considered including smoking, age, sex and vitamin C intake, those in the group with the highest intake of polyunsaturated fat had a 50 percent reduced chance of developing early AMD compared with those who ate the least.

No link was found between AMD and consumption of butter, margarine or nuts, which all contain high levels of unsaturated fats but those ate fish at at least once a week reduced their risk of early AMD by as much as 40 percent.

The third study by Mary N. Haan, M.P.H., Dr.P.H., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and colleagues studied 4,262 women age 65 years and older who were part of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial of hormone therapy.

They found that hormone therapy does not appear to increase or decrease the overall risk of AMD among postmenopausal women, although combination hormones may slightly reduce the chances of developing certain risk factors or types of the condition.

The team reached the conclusion that treatment with hormones does not influence the occurrence of early AMD.